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<section class="tex2jax_ignore mathjax_ignore" id="messages-varying-per-receiver">
<h1>Messages varying per receiver<a class="headerlink" href="#messages-varying-per-receiver" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<p>Sending messages to everyong in a location is handled by the <a class="reference internal" href="../api/evennia.objects.objects.html#evennia.objects.objects.DefaultObject.msg_contents" title="evennia.objects.objects.DefaultObject.msg_contents"><span class="xref myst py py-meth">msg_contents</span></a> method on
all <a class="reference internal" href="../Components/Objects.html"><span class="std std-doc">Objects</span></a>. It’s most commonly called on rooms.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">room</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Anna walks into the room.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>You can also embed references in the string:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>
<span class="n">room</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="si">{anna}</span><span class="s2"> walks into the room.&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">from_obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">mapping</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s1">&#39;anna&#39;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">anna_object</span><span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">exclude=object_or_list_of_object</span></code> to skip sending the message one or more targets.</p>
<p>The advantage of this is that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">anna_object.get_display_name(looker)</span></code> will be called for every onlooker; this allows the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{anna}</span></code> stanza to be different depending on who sees the strings. How this is to work depends on the <em>stance</em> of your game.</p>
<p>The stance indicates how your game echoes its messages to the player. Knowing how you want to
handle the stance is important for a text game. There are two main stances that are usually considered, <em>Actor stance</em> and <em>Director stance</em>.</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Stance</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>You see</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Others in the same location see</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p>Actor stance</p></td>
<td><p>You pick up the stone</p></td>
<td><p>Anna picks up the stone</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p>Director stance</p></td>
<td><p>Anna picks up the stone</p></td>
<td><p>Anna picks up the stone</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>It’s not unheard of to mix the two stances - with commands from the game being told in Actor stance while Director stance is used for complex emoting and roleplaying. One should usually try to be consistent however.</p>
<section id="director-stance">
<h2>Director Stance<a class="headerlink" href="#director-stance" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>While not as common as Actor stance, director stance has the advantage of simplicity, particularly
in roleplaying MUDs where longer roleplaying emotes are used. It is also a pretty simple stance to
implement technically since everyone sees the same text, regardless of viewpoint.</p>
<p>Here’s an example of a flavorful text to show the room:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Tom picks up the gun, whistling to himself.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Everyone will see this string, both Tom and others. Here’s how to send it to everyone in
the room.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Tom picks up the gun, whistling to himself.&quot;</span>
<span class="n">room</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>One may want to expand on it by making the name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">Tom</span></code> be seen differently by different people,
but the English grammar of the sentence does not change. Not only is this pretty easy to do
technically, it’s also easy to write for the player.</p>
</section>
<section id="actor-stance">
<h2>Actor Stance<a class="headerlink" href="#actor-stance" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>This means that the game addresses “you” when it does things. In actor stance, whenever you perform an action, you should get a different message than those <em>observing</em> you doing that action.</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>Tom picks up the gun, whistling to himself.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This is what <em>others</em> should see. The player themselves should see this:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>You pick up the gun, whistling to yourself.
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Not only do you need to map “Tom” to “You” above, there are also grammatical differences - “Tom walks” vs “You walk” and “himself” vs “yourself”. This is a lot more complex to handle. For a developer making simple “You/Tom pick/picks up the stone” messages, you could in principle hand-craft the strings from every view point, but there’s a better way.</p>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg_contents</span></code> method helps by parsing the ingoing string with a <a class="reference internal" href="../Components/FuncParser.html"><span class="std std-doc">FuncParser functions</span></a> with some very specific <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$inline-functions</span></code>. The inline funcs basically provides you with a mini-language for building <em>one</em> string that will change appropriately depending on who sees it.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;$You() $conj(pick) up the gun, whistling to $pron(yourself).&quot;</span>
<span class="n">room</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mapping</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;gun&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">gun_object</span><span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>These are the inline-functions available:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$You()/$you()</span></code> - this is a reference to ‘you’ in the text. It will be replaced with “You/you” for
the one sending the text and with the return from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">caller.get_display_name(looker)</span></code> for everyone else.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$conj(verb)</span></code> - this will conjugate the given verb depending on who sees the string (like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pick</span></code>
to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">picks</span></code>). Enter the root form of the verb.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(pronoun[,options])</span></code> - A pronoun is a word you want to use instead of a proper noun, like
<em>him</em>, <em>herself</em>, <em>its</em>, <em>me</em>, <em>I</em>, <em>their</em> and so on. The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">options</span></code> is a space- or comma-separated
set of options to help the system map your pronoun from 1st/2nd person to 3rd person and vice versa. See next section.</p></li>
</ul>
<section id="more-on-pron">
<h3>More on $pron()<a class="headerlink" href="#more-on-pron" title="Link to this heading"></a></h3>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron()</span></code> inline func maps between 1st/2nd person (I/you) to 3rd person (he/she etc). In short,
it translates between this table …</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p></p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Subject Pronoun</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Object Pronoun</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Possessive Adjective</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Possessive Pronoun</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Reflexive Pronoun</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><strong>1st person</strong></p></td>
<td><p>I</p></td>
<td><p>me</p></td>
<td><p>my</p></td>
<td><p>mine</p></td>
<td><p>myself</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><strong>1st person plural</strong></p></td>
<td><p>we</p></td>
<td><p>us</p></td>
<td><p>our</p></td>
<td><p>ours</p></td>
<td><p>ourselves</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><strong>2nd person</strong></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>your</p></td>
<td><p>yours</p></td>
<td><p>yourself</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><strong>2nd person plural</strong></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>your</p></td>
<td><p>yours</p></td>
<td><p>yourselves</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>… to this table (in both directions):</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p></p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Subject Pronoun</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Object Pronoun</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Possessive Adjective</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Possessive Pronoun</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>Reflexive Pronoun</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><strong>3rd person male</strong></p></td>
<td><p>he</p></td>
<td><p>him</p></td>
<td><p>his</p></td>
<td><p>his</p></td>
<td><p>himself</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><strong>3rd person female</strong></p></td>
<td><p>she</p></td>
<td><p>her</p></td>
<td><p>her</p></td>
<td><p>hers</p></td>
<td><p>herself</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><strong>3rd person neutral</strong></p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>its</p></td>
<td><p>theirs*</p></td>
<td><p>itself</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><strong>3rd person plural</strong></p></td>
<td><p>they</p></td>
<td><p>them</p></td>
<td><p>their</p></td>
<td><p>theirs</p></td>
<td><p>themselves</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Some mappings are easy. For example, if you write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(yourselves)</span></code> then the 3rd-person form is always <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">themselves</span></code>. But because English grammar is the way it is, not all mappings are 1:1. For example, if you write <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you)</span></code>, Evennia will not know which 3rd-persion equivalent this should map to - you need to provide more info to help out. This can either be provided as a second space-separated option to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron</span></code> or the system will try to figure it out on its own.</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pronoun_type</span></code> - this is one of the columns in the table and can be set as a <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron</span></code> option.</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subject</span> <span class="pre">pronoun</span></code> (aliases <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">subject</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sp</span></code>)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span> <span class="pre">pronoun</span></code> (aliases <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">object</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">op</span></code>)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">possessive</span> <span class="pre">adjective</span></code> (aliases <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">adjective</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pa</span></code>)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">possessive</span> <span class="pre">pronoun</span></code> (aliases <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pronoun</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pp</span></code>).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>(There is no need to specify reflexive pronouns since they
are all uniquely mapped 1:1). Speciying the pronoun-type is mainly needed when using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">you</span></code>,
since the same ‘you’ is used to represent all sorts of things in English grammar.
If not specified and the mapping is not clear, a ‘subject pronoun’ (he/she/it/they) is assumed.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">gender</span></code> - set in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron</span></code> option as</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">male</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">m</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">female'</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">f</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">neutral</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">n</span></code></p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">plural</span></code>, or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">p</span></code> (yes plural is considered a ‘gender’ for this purpose).</p></li>
</ul>
<p>If not set as an option the system will
look for a callable or property <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.gender</span></code> on the current <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">from_obj</span></code>. A callable will be called
with no arguments and is expected to return a string ‘male/female/neutral/plural’. If none
is found, a neutral gender is assumed.</p>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">viewpoint</span></code>- set in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron</span></code> option as</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1st</span> <span class="pre">person</span></code> (aliases <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1st</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">1</span></code>)</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2nd</span> <span class="pre">person</span></code> (aliases <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2nd</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">2</span></code>)</p></li>
</ul>
<p>This is only needed if you want to have 1st person perspective - if
not, 2nd person is assumed wherever the viewpoint is unclear.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron()</span></code> examples:</p>
<table class="docutils align-default">
<thead>
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head"><p>Input</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>you see</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>others see</p></th>
<th class="head"><p>note</p></th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(I,</span> <span class="pre">male)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>I</p></td>
<td><p>he</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(I,</span> <span class="pre">f)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>I</p></td>
<td><p>she</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(my)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>my</p></td>
<td><p>its</p></td>
<td><p>figures out it’s an possessive adjective, assumes neutral</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>it</p></td>
<td><p>assumes neutral subject pronoun</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you,</span> <span class="pre">f)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>she</p></td>
<td><p>female specified, assumes subject pronoun</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you,op</span> <span class="pre">f)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>her</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you,op</span> <span class="pre">p)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>them</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you,</span> <span class="pre">f</span> <span class="pre">op)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>her</p></td>
<td><p>specified female and objective pronoun</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(yourself)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>yourself</p></td>
<td><p>itself</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(its)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>your</p></td>
<td><p>its</p></td>
<td><p></p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$Pron(its)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>Your</p></td>
<td><p>Its</p></td>
<td><p>Using $Pron always capitalizes</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(her)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>you</p></td>
<td><p>her</p></td>
<td><p>3rd person -&gt; 2nd person</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(her,</span> <span class="pre">1)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>I</p></td>
<td><p>her</p></td>
<td><p>3rd person -&gt; 1st person</p></td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(its,</span> <span class="pre">1st)</span></code></p></td>
<td><p>my</p></td>
<td><p>its</p></td>
<td><p>3rd person -&gt; 1st person</p></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Note the three last examples - instead of specifying the 2nd person form you can also specify the 3rd-person and do a ‘reverse’ lookup - you will still see the proper 1st/2nd text. So writing <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(her)</span></code> instead of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$pron(you,</span> <span class="pre">op</span> <span class="pre">f)</span></code> gives the same result.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../api/evennia.utils.funcparser.html#evennia.utils.funcparser.funcparser_callable_pronoun" title="evennia.utils.funcparser.funcparser_callable_pronoun"><span class="xref myst py py-func">$pron inlinefunc api is found here</span></a></p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="referencing-other-objects">
<h2>Referencing other objects<a class="headerlink" href="#referencing-other-objects" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>There is one more inlinefunc understood by <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg_contents</span></code>. This can be used natively to spruce up
your strings (for both director- and actor stance):</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$Obj(name)/$obj(name)</span></code> references another entity, which must be supplied
in the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">mapping</span></code> keyword argument to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">msg_contents</span></code>. The object’s <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">.get_display_name(looker)</span></code> will be
called and inserted instead. This is essentially the same as using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">{anna}</span></code> marker we used
in the first example at the top of this page, but using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$Obj/$obj</span></code> allows you to easily
control capitalization.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>This is used like so:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># director stance</span>
<span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;Tom picks up the $obj(gun), whistling to himself&quot;</span>
<span class="c1"># actor stance</span>
<span class="n">text</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;$You() $conj(pick) up the $obj(gun), whistling to $pron(yourself)&quot;</span>
<span class="n">room</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg_contents</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">text</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">from_obj</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mapping</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="p">{</span><span class="s2">&quot;gun&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="n">gun_object</span><span class="p">})</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Depending on your game, Tom may now see himself picking up <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span> <span class="pre">rusty</span> <span class="pre">old</span> <span class="pre">gun</span></code>, whereas an onlooker with a high gun smith skill may instead see him picking up <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">A</span> <span class="pre">rare-make</span> <span class="pre">Smith</span> <span class="pre">&amp;</span> <span class="pre">Wesson</span> <span class="pre">model</span> <span class="pre">686</span> <span class="pre">in</span> <span class="pre">poor</span> <span class="pre">condition&quot;</span> <span class="pre">...</span></code></p>
</section>
<section id="recog-systems-and-roleplaying">
<h2>Recog systems and roleplaying<a class="headerlink" href="#recog-systems-and-roleplaying" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">$funcparser</span></code> inline functions are very powerful for the game developer, but they may
be a bit too much to write for the regular player.</p>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="../api/evennia.contrib.rpg.rpsystem.html#evennia-contrib-rpg-rpsystem"><span class="std std-ref">rpsystem contrib</span></a> implements a full dynamic emote/pose and recognition system with short-descriptions and disguises. It uses director stance with a custom markup language, like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/me</span></code> <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/gun</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/tall</span> <span class="pre">man</span></code> to refer to players and objects in the location. It can be worth checking out for inspiration.</p>
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<h3><a href="../index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Messages varying per receiver</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#director-stance">Director Stance</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#actor-stance">Actor Stance</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#more-on-pron">More on $pron()</a></li>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#referencing-other-objects">Referencing other objects</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#recog-systems-and-roleplaying">Recog systems and roleplaying</a></li>
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