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<section class="tex2jax_ignore mathjax_ignore" id="async-process">
<h1>Async Process<a class="headerlink" href="#async-process" title="Link to this heading"></a></h1>
<div class="admonition important">
<p class="admonition-title">Important</p>
<p>This is considered an advanced topic.</p>
</div>
<section id="synchronous-versus-asynchronous">
<h2>Synchronous versus Asynchronous<a class="headerlink" href="#synchronous-versus-asynchronous" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<aside class="sidebar">
<p>This is also explored in the <a class="reference internal" href="../Howtos/Howto-Command-Duration.html"><span class="std std-doc">Command Duration Tutorial</span></a>.</p>
</aside>
<p>Most program code operates <em>synchronously</em>. This means that each statement in your code gets processed and finishes before the next can begin. This makes for easy-to-understand code. It is also a <em>requirement</em> in many cases - a subsequent piece of code often depend on something calculated or defined in a previous statement.</p>
<p>Consider this piece of code in a traditional Python program:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;before call ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">long_running_function</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;after call ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>When run, this will print <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;before</span> <span class="pre">call</span> <span class="pre">...&quot;</span></code>, after which the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code> gets to work
for however long time. Only once that is done, the system prints <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;after</span> <span class="pre">call</span> <span class="pre">...&quot;</span></code>. Easy and logical to follow. Most of Evennia work in this way and often it’s important that commands get
executed in the same strict order they were coded.</p>
<p>Evennia, via Twisted, is a single-process multi-user server. In simple terms this means that it swiftly switches between dealing with player input so quickly that each player feels like they do things at the same time. This is a clever illusion however: If one user, say, runs a command containing that <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code>, <em>all</em> other players are effectively forced to wait until it finishes.</p>
<p>Now, it should be said that on a modern computer system this is rarely an issue. Very few commands run so long that other users notice it. And as mentioned, most of the time you <em>want</em> to enforce all commands to occur in strict sequence.</p>
</section>
<section id="utils-delay">
<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utils.delay</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#utils-delay" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<aside class="sidebar">
<p class="sidebar-title">delay() vs time.sleep()</p>
<p>This is equivalent to something like <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">time.sleep()</span></code> except <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delay</span></code> is asynchronous while <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">sleep</span></code> would lock the entire server for the duration of the sleep.</p>
</aside>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">delay</span></code> function is a much simpler sibling to <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_async</span></code>. It is in fact just a way to delay the execution of a command until a future time.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">evennia.utils</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">delay</span>
<span class="c1"># [...]</span>
<span class="c1"># e.g. inside a Command, where `self.caller` is available</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">callback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">obj</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">obj</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Returning!&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">delay</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>This will delay the execution of the callback for 10 seconds. Provide <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">persistent=True</span></code> to make the delay survive a server <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">reload</span></code>. While waiting, you can input commands normally.</p>
<p>You can also try the following snippet just see how it works:</p>
<div class="highlight-none notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>py from evennia.utils import delay; delay(10, lambda who: who.msg(&quot;Test!&quot;), self)
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Wait 10 seconds and ‘Test!’ should be echoed back to you.</p>
</section>
<section id="utils-interactive-decorator">
<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;utils.interactive</span></code> decorator<a class="headerlink" href="#utils-interactive-decorator" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;interactive</span></code> [decorator](<a class="reference external" href="https://realpython.com/primer-on-python-">https://realpython.com/primer-on-python-</a> decorators/) makes any function or method possible to ‘pause’ and/or await player input in an interactive way.</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">evennia.utils</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">interactive</span>
<span class="nd">@interactive</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="kc">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Getting ready to wait ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">yield</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Now 5 seconds have passed.&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">response</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">yield</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;Do you want to wait another 5 secs?&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">response</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">lower</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="ow">not</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;yes&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s2">&quot;y&quot;</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">break</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;interactive</span></code> decorator gives the function the ability to pause. The use of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">yield(seconds)</span></code> will do just that - it will asynchronously pause for the number of seconds given before continuing. This is technically equivalent to using <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">call_async</span></code> with a callback that continues after 5 secs. But the code with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;interactive</span></code> is a little easier to follow.</p>
<p>Within the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;interactive</span></code> function, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">response</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">yield(&quot;question&quot;)</span></code> question allows you to ask the user for input. You can then process the input, just like you would if you used the Python <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">input</span></code> function.</p>
<p>All of this makes the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;interactive</span></code> decorator very useful. But it comes with a few caveats.</p>
<ul>
<li><p>The decorated function/method/callable must have an argument named exactly <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">caller</span></code>. Evennia will look for an argument with this name and treat it as the source of input.</p></li>
<li><p>Decorating a function this way turns it turns it into a Python <a class="reference external" href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/Generators">generator</a>. This means</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p>You can’t use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span> <span class="pre">&lt;value&gt;</span></code> from a generator (just an empty <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">return</span></code> works). To return a value from a function/method you have decorated with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;interactive</span></code>, you must instead use a special Twisted function <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">twisted.internet.defer.returnValue</span></code>. Evennia also makes this function conveniently available from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">evennia.utils</span></code>:</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">evennia.utils</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">interactive</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">returnValue</span>
<span class="nd">@interactive</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c1"># ... </span>
<span class="n">result</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
<span class="c1"># this must be used instead of `return result`</span>
<span class="n">returnValue</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">result</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="utils-run-async">
<h2><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utils.run_async</span></code><a class="headerlink" href="#utils-run-async" title="Link to this heading"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p>Unless you have a very clear purpose in mind, you are unlikely to get an expected result from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_async</span></code>. Notably, it will still run your long-running function <em>in the same thread</em> as the rest of the server. So while it does run async, a very heavy and CPU-heavy operation will still block the server. So don’t consider this as a way to offload heavy operations without affecting the rest of the server.</p>
</div>
<p>When you don’t care in which order the command actually completes, you can run it <em>asynchronously</em>. This makes use of the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_async()</span></code> function in <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">src/utils/utils.py</span></code>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="n">run_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">*</span><span class="n">args</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="o">**</span><span class="n">kwargs</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Where <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">function</span></code> will be called asynchronously with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">*args</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">**kwargs</span></code>. Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">evennia</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">utils</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;before call ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">utils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">long_running_function</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;after call ...&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>Now, when running this you will find that the program will not wait around for <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code> to finish. In fact you will see <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;before</span> <span class="pre">call</span> <span class="pre">...&quot;</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;after</span> <span class="pre">call</span> <span class="pre">...&quot;</span></code> printed out right away. The long-running function will run in the background and you (and other users) can go on as normal.</p>
<p>A complication with using asynchronous calls is what to do with the result from that call. What if
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code> returns a value that you need? It makes no real sense to put any lines of
code after the call to try to deal with the result from <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code> above - as we saw
the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&quot;after</span> <span class="pre">call</span> <span class="pre">...&quot;</span></code> got printed long before <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code> was finished, making that
line quite pointless for processing any data from the function. Instead one has to use <em>callbacks</em>.</p>
<p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utils.run_async</span></code> takes reserved kwargs that won’t be passed into the long-running function:</p>
<ul>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_return(r)</span></code> (the <em>callback</em>) is called when the asynchronous function (<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code>
above) finishes successfully. The argument <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">r</span></code> will then be the return value of that function (or
<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">None</span></code>).</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">at_return</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_return_kwargs</span></code> - an optional dictionary that will be fed as keyword arguments to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_return</span></code> callback.</p></li>
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_err(e)</span></code> (the <em>errback</em>) is called if the asynchronous function fails and raises an exception.
This exception is passed to the errback wrapped in a <em>Failure</em> object <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">e</span></code>. If you do not supply an
errback of your own, Evennia will automatically add one that silently writes errors to the evennia
log. An example of an errback is found below:</p></li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">at_err</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s2">&quot;There was an error:&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">str</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">))</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<ul class="simple">
<li><p><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_err_kwargs</span></code> - an optional dictionary that will be fed as keyword arguments to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_err</span></code>
errback.</p></li>
</ul>
<p>An example of making an asynchronous call from inside a <a class="reference internal" href="../Components/Commands.html"><span class="std std-doc">Command</span></a> definition:</p>
<div class="highlight-python notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span> <span class="kn">from</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nn">evennia</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="n">utils</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">Command</span>
<span class="k">class</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nc">CmdAsync</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">Command</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">key</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="s2">&quot;asynccommand&quot;</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">func</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">long_running_function</span><span class="p">():</span>
<span class="c1">#[... lots of time-consuming code ...]</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="n">final_value</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">at_return_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;The final value is </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">r</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span><span class="w"> </span><span class="nf">at_err_function</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">caller</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">msg</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="sa">f</span><span class="s2">&quot;There was an error: </span><span class="si">{</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="si">}</span><span class="s2">&quot;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c1"># do the async call, setting all callbacks</span>
<span class="n">utils</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">run_async</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">long_running_function</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">at_return</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">at_return_function</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">at_err</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">at_err_function</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>That’s it - from here on we can forget about <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">long_running_function</span></code> and go on with what else need to be done. <em>Whenever</em> it finishes, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">at_return_function</span></code> function will be called and the final value will pop up for us to see. If not we will see an error message.</p>
<blockquote>
<div><p>Technically, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">run_async</span></code> is just a very thin and simplified wrapper around a <a class="reference external" href="https://twistedmatrix.com/documents/9.0.0/core/howto/defer.html">Twisted Deferred</a> object; the wrapper sets up a default errback also if none is supplied. If you know what you are doing there is nothing stopping you from bypassing the utility function, building a more sophisticated callback chain after your own liking.</p>
</div></blockquote>
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<h3><a href="../index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Async Process</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#synchronous-versus-asynchronous">Synchronous versus Asynchronous</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#utils-delay"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utils.delay</span></code></a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#utils-interactive-decorator"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&#64;utils.interactive</span></code> decorator</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#utils-run-async"><code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">utils.run_async</span></code></a></li>
</ul>
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<h4>Previous topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="OOB.html"
title="previous chapter">Out-of-Band messaging</a></p>
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