diff --git a/api/models/Transaction.js b/api/models/Transaction.js
index f68b311315..e171241b61 100644
--- a/api/models/Transaction.js
+++ b/api/models/Transaction.js
@@ -8,39 +8,135 @@ const Balance = require('./Balance');
 const cancelRate = 1.15;
 
 /**
- * Updates a user's token balance based on a transaction.
- *
+ * Updates a user's token balance based on a transaction using optimistic concurrency control
+ * without schema changes. Compatible with DocumentDB.
  * @async
  * @function
  * @param {Object} params - The function parameters.
- * @param {string} params.user - The user ID.
+ * @param {string|mongoose.Types.ObjectId} params.user - The user ID.
  * @param {number} params.incrementValue - The value to increment the balance by (can be negative).
- * @param {import('mongoose').UpdateQuery<import('@librechat/data-schemas').IBalance>['$set']} params.setValues
- * @returns {Promise<Object>} Returns the updated balance response.
+ * @param {import('mongoose').UpdateQuery<import('@librechat/data-schemas').IBalance>['$set']} [params.setValues] - Optional additional fields to set.
+ * @returns {Promise<Object>} Returns the updated balance document (lean).
+ * @throws {Error} Throws an error if the update fails after multiple retries.
  */
 const updateBalance = async ({ user, incrementValue, setValues }) => {
-  // Use findOneAndUpdate with a conditional update to make the balance update atomic
-  // This prevents race conditions when multiple transactions are processed concurrently
-  const balanceResponse = await Balance.findOneAndUpdate(
-    { user },
-    [
-      {
-        $set: {
-          tokenCredits: {
-            $cond: {
-              if: { $lt: [{ $add: ['$tokenCredits', incrementValue] }, 0] },
-              then: 0,
-              else: { $add: ['$tokenCredits', incrementValue] },
-            },
-          },
-          ...setValues,
-        },
-      },
-    ],
-    { upsert: true, new: true },
-  ).lean();
+  let maxRetries = 10; // Number of times to retry on conflict
+  let delay = 50; // Initial retry delay in ms
+  let lastError = null;
 
-  return balanceResponse;
+  for (let attempt = 1; attempt <= maxRetries; attempt++) {
+    let currentBalanceDoc;
+    try {
+      // 1. Read the current document state
+      currentBalanceDoc = await Balance.findOne({ user }).lean();
+      const currentCredits = currentBalanceDoc ? currentBalanceDoc.tokenCredits : 0;
+
+      // 2. Calculate the desired new state
+      const potentialNewCredits = currentCredits + incrementValue;
+      const newCredits = Math.max(0, potentialNewCredits); // Ensure balance doesn't go below zero
+
+      // 3. Prepare the update payload
+      const updatePayload = {
+        $set: {
+          tokenCredits: newCredits,
+          ...(setValues || {}), // Merge other values to set
+        },
+      };
+
+      // 4. Attempt the conditional update or upsert
+      let updatedBalance = null;
+      if (currentBalanceDoc) {
+        // --- Document Exists: Perform Conditional Update ---
+        // Try to update only if the tokenCredits match the value we read (currentCredits)
+        updatedBalance = await Balance.findOneAndUpdate(
+          {
+            user: user,
+            tokenCredits: currentCredits, // Optimistic lock: condition based on the read value
+          },
+          updatePayload,
+          {
+            new: true, // Return the modified document
+            // lean: true, // .lean() is applied after query execution in Mongoose >= 6
+          },
+        ).lean(); // Use lean() for plain JS object
+
+        if (updatedBalance) {
+          // Success! The update was applied based on the expected current state.
+          return updatedBalance;
+        }
+        // If updatedBalance is null, it means tokenCredits changed between read and write (conflict).
+        lastError = new Error(`Concurrency conflict for user ${user} on attempt ${attempt}.`);
+        // Proceed to retry logic below.
+      } else {
+        // --- Document Does Not Exist: Perform Conditional Upsert ---
+        // Try to insert the document, but only if it still doesn't exist.
+        // Using tokenCredits: {$exists: false} helps prevent race conditions where
+        // another process creates the doc between our findOne and findOneAndUpdate.
+        try {
+          updatedBalance = await Balance.findOneAndUpdate(
+            {
+              user: user,
+              // Attempt to match only if the document doesn't exist OR was just created
+              // without tokenCredits (less likely but possible). A simple { user } filter
+              // might also work, relying on the retry for conflicts.
+              // Let's use a simpler filter and rely on retry for races.
+              // tokenCredits: { $exists: false } // This condition might be too strict if doc exists with 0 credits
+            },
+            updatePayload,
+            {
+              upsert: true, // Create if doesn't exist
+              new: true, // Return the created/updated document
+              // setDefaultsOnInsert: true, // Ensure schema defaults are applied on insert
+              // lean: true,
+            },
+          ).lean();
+
+          if (updatedBalance) {
+            // Upsert succeeded (likely created the document)
+            return updatedBalance;
+          }
+          // If null, potentially a rare race condition during upsert. Retry should handle it.
+          lastError = new Error(
+            `Upsert race condition suspected for user ${user} on attempt ${attempt}.`,
+          );
+        } catch (error) {
+          if (error.code === 11000) {
+            // E11000 duplicate key error on index
+            // This means another process created the document *just* before our upsert.
+            // It's a concurrency conflict during creation. We should retry.
+            lastError = error; // Store the error
+            // Proceed to retry logic below.
+          } else {
+            // Different error, rethrow
+            throw error;
+          }
+        }
+      } // End if/else (document exists?)
+    } catch (error) {
+      // Catch errors from findOne or unexpected findOneAndUpdate errors
+      logger.error(`[updateBalance] Error during attempt ${attempt} for user ${user}:`, error);
+      lastError = error; // Store the error
+      // Consider stopping retries for non-transient errors, but for now, we retry.
+    }
+
+    // If we reached here, it means the update failed (conflict or error), wait and retry
+    if (attempt < maxRetries) {
+      const jitter = Math.random() * delay * 0.5; // Add jitter to delay
+      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delay + jitter));
+      delay = Math.min(delay * 2, 2000); // Exponential backoff with cap
+    }
+  } // End for loop (retries)
+
+  // If loop finishes without success, throw the last encountered error or a generic one
+  logger.error(
+    `[updateBalance] Failed to update balance for user ${user} after ${maxRetries} attempts.`,
+  );
+  throw (
+    lastError ||
+    new Error(
+      `Failed to update balance for user ${user} after maximum retries due to persistent conflicts.`,
+    )
+  );
 };
 
 /** Method to calculate and set the tokenValue for a transaction */
diff --git a/api/models/spendTokens.spec.js b/api/models/spendTokens.spec.js
index 09da9a46b2..eacf420330 100644
--- a/api/models/spendTokens.spec.js
+++ b/api/models/spendTokens.spec.js
@@ -459,7 +459,7 @@ describe('spendTokens', () => {
 
   it('should handle multiple concurrent transactions correctly with a high balance', async () => {
     // Create a balance with a high amount
-    const initialBalance = 1000000;
+    const initialBalance = 10000000;
     await Balance.create({
       user: userId,
       tokenCredits: initialBalance,
@@ -470,8 +470,9 @@ describe('spendTokens', () => {
     const context = 'message';
     const model = 'gpt-4';
 
-    // Create 10 usage records to simulate multiple transactions
-    const collectedUsage = Array.from({ length: 10 }, (_, i) => ({
+    const amount = 50;
+    // Create `amount` of usage records to simulate multiple transactions
+    const collectedUsage = Array.from({ length: amount }, (_, i) => ({
       model,
       input_tokens: 100 + i * 10, // Increasing input tokens
       output_tokens: 50 + i * 5, // Increasing output tokens
@@ -591,6 +592,80 @@ describe('spendTokens', () => {
     expect(Math.abs(totalTokenValue)).toBeCloseTo(actualSpend, -3); // Allow for larger differences
   });
 
+  // Add this new test case
+  it('should handle multiple concurrent balance increases correctly', async () => {
+    // Start with zero balance
+    const initialBalance = 0;
+    await Balance.create({
+      user: userId,
+      tokenCredits: initialBalance,
+    });
+
+    const numberOfRefills = 25;
+    const refillAmount = 1000;
+
+    const promises = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < numberOfRefills; i++) {
+      promises.push(
+        Transaction.createAutoRefillTransaction({
+          user: userId,
+          tokenType: 'credits',
+          context: 'concurrent-refill-test',
+          rawAmount: refillAmount,
+        }),
+      );
+    }
+
+    // Wait for all refill transactions to complete
+    const results = await Promise.all(promises);
+
+    // Verify final balance
+    const finalBalance = await Balance.findOne({ user: userId });
+    expect(finalBalance).toBeDefined();
+
+    // The final balance should be the initial balance plus the sum of all refills
+    const expectedFinalBalance = initialBalance + numberOfRefills * refillAmount;
+
+    console.log('Initial balance (Increase Test):', initialBalance);
+    console.log(`Performed ${numberOfRefills} refills of ${refillAmount} each.`);
+    console.log('Expected final balance (Increase Test):', expectedFinalBalance);
+    console.log('Actual final balance (Increase Test):', finalBalance.tokenCredits);
+
+    // Use toBeCloseTo for safety, though toBe should work for integer math
+    expect(finalBalance.tokenCredits).toBeCloseTo(expectedFinalBalance, 0);
+
+    // Verify all transactions were created
+    const transactions = await Transaction.find({
+      user: userId,
+      context: 'concurrent-refill-test',
+    });
+
+    // We should have one transaction for each refill attempt
+    expect(transactions.length).toBe(numberOfRefills);
+
+    // Optional: Verify the sum of increments from the results matches the balance change
+    const totalIncrementReported = results.reduce((sum, result) => {
+      // Assuming createAutoRefillTransaction returns an object with the increment amount
+      // Adjust this based on the actual return structure.
+      // Let's assume it returns { balance: newBalance, transaction: { rawAmount: ... } }
+      // Or perhaps we check the transaction.rawAmount directly
+      return sum + (result?.transaction?.rawAmount || 0);
+    }, 0);
+    console.log('Total increment reported by results:', totalIncrementReported);
+    expect(totalIncrementReported).toBe(expectedFinalBalance - initialBalance);
+
+    // Optional: Check the sum of tokenValue from saved transactions
+    let totalTokenValueFromDb = 0;
+    transactions.forEach((tx) => {
+      // For refills, rawAmount is positive, and tokenValue might be calculated based on it
+      // Let's assume tokenValue directly reflects the increment for simplicity here
+      // If calculation is involved, adjust accordingly
+      totalTokenValueFromDb += tx.rawAmount; // Or tx.tokenValue if that holds the increment
+    });
+    console.log('Total rawAmount from DB transactions:', totalTokenValueFromDb);
+    expect(totalTokenValueFromDb).toBeCloseTo(expectedFinalBalance - initialBalance, 0);
+  });
+
   it('should create structured transactions for both prompt and completion tokens', async () => {
     // Create a balance for the user
     await Balance.create({